BACKGROUND Human health anomalies have been associated with pesticide exposure for people living in rural landscapes in the northern Great Plains of North America. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of 45 pesticides in drinking water from reservoirs in this area that received water primarily from snowmelt and rainfall runoff from agricultural crop lands. ...

The benzonitrile herbicides bromoxynil, chloroxynil, dichlobenil, and ioxynil have been used actively worldwide to control weeds in agriculture since 1970s. Even though dichlobenil is prohibited in EU since 2008, studies addressing the fate of benzonitrile herbicides in the environment show that some metabolites of these herbicides are very persistent. We tested the cytotoxic effects of benzoni...

Sulfonylurea (SU), imidazolinone (IMI), and sulfonamide (SA) herbicides are new classes of low-application-rate herbicides increasingly used by farmers. Some of these herbicides affect both weed and crop species at low dosages and must be carefully used. Less is known about the effect of these compounds on non-crop plant species, but a concentration of 100 ng/l in water has been proposed as the...

Farmers all over the world are waging war against insects and weeds as they struggle to produce bountiful crops to meet increasing demand. The most effective weapon to fight this war is by the use of herbicides. In spite of the benefits of using herbicides, research has shown that their use can have negative impact on human health and the environment. A rapid appraisal via questionnaire adminis...

Herbicides are an essential tool not only in weed management, but also in conservation tillage approaches to cropping. The first commercial herbicides were released in the 1940s and hundreds more since then, although genetic resistance to them is an issue. Here, we review the experimental and estimated physicochemical properties of 334 successful herbicidal compounds and make available a dynami...

Herbicides are the most widely used class of pesticides accounting for more than 60% of all pesticides applied in the agriculture (Zimdahl, 2002). The herbicide’s mode of action is a biochemical and physiological mechanism by which herbicides regulate plant growth at tissue and cellular level. Herbicides with the same mode of action generally exhibit the same translocation pattern and produce s...

Industry transitions away from traditional photosystem II inhibiting (PSII) herbicides towards an 'alternative' herbicide suite are now widely advocated as a key component of improved environmental outcomes for Australia's Great Barrier Reef and improved environmental stewardship on the part of the Queensland sugar industry. A systematic desktop risk analysis found that based on current farming...

Crops engineered to contain genes for tolerance to multiple herbicides may be treated with several herbicides to manage weeds resistant to each herbicide. Thus, nearby non-target plants may be subjected to increased exposure to several herbicides used in combination. Of particular concern are native plants, as well as adjacent crops which have not been genetically engineered for tolerance to he...

Malathion in mixture with acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides synergizes the control of weed species that have evolved metabolism-based resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. However, the effect of malathion-based herbicide programs on conventional and imidazolinone-resistant (Clearfield) rice systems still need to be evaluated. Studies were conducted to determine the tolerance ...

The application rates for conventional herbicide formulations are generally greater than the recommended dosage, in order to overcome losses from degradation, leaching, volatilization, and sorption during the time needed for weed control. All these factors have encouraged the development of controlled release formulations (CRFs), which can reduce herbicides levels in the environment since less ...