We present a type system for checking object immutability, read-only references, and class immutability in an open or closed world. To allow object initialization outside object constructors (which is often needed in practice), im ­ mutable objects are initialized in lexically scoped regions. The system is simple and direct; its only type qualifiers specify immutability properties. No auxiliary...

god-centered theories about the meaning of life maintain that a certain relationship with god is an essential condition for life to be meaningful. different interpretations have been proposed in regard to this theory, but the most important god-centered interpretation is the divine purpose theory. according to this theory, fulfilling god’s purpose is the only source of the meaningfulness of lif...

Javari is an extension of Java that supports reference immutability constraints. Programmers write readonly type qualifiers and other constraints, and the Javari typechecker detects mutation errors (incorrect side effects) or verifies their absence. While case studies have demonstrated the practicality and value of Javari, a barrier to usability remains. A Javari program will not typecheck unle...

It is common for Object-Oriented programs to contain mutable and immutable classes. Immutable classes simplify sequential programing because the programmer does not have to reason about side-effects. Immutable classes also simplify parallel programming because they are embarrassingly thread-safe. Sometimes programmers write immutable classes from scratch, other times they refactor mutable into ...

Prior research has demonstrated that stereotypes affect negatively stereotyped groups in part through the implied immutability of group members’ abilities. Accordingly, a belief that ability is malleable through effort and hard work has been shown to boost the performance of negatively stereotyped groups. We predicted, however, that among favorably stereotyped groups, a belief that ability is f...