this article has attempted to present a clear image of science production by the member states of the organization of islamic conference (oic) based on the essential science indicators (esi). esi indexes the most effective science productions of the world. the world bank, on the other hand, has classified the countries of the world according to their economic position. using the information acc...

An income distribution is a mixture of two given income distributions if the relative frequency it associates with each income level is a convex combination of the relative frequencies associated with it by the given two income distributions— e.g., the income distribution of a country is obtained as a mixture of the income distributions of its regions. In this article, it is established that al...

STUDY OBJECTIVE Many previous studies on socioeconomic inequalities in health have neglected the causal interdependencies between different socioeconomic indicators. This study examines the pathways between three socioeconomic determinants of ill health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross sectional survey data from the Helsinki health study in 2000 and 2001 were used. Each year employees...

The ECHP is used to analyse health care utilisation care in Europe. We estimate a new latent class hurdle model for panel data and compare it with the latent class NegBin model and the standard hurdle model. Latent class specifications outperform the standard hurdle model and the latent class hurdle model reveals income effects that are masked in the NegBin model. For specialist visits, low use...

Using data from the U.S. General Social Survey, we study the role of income and status in self-reported happiness. Unexpected income gains increase happiness and relative income is more important than absolute income, in particular, income relative to individuals’ own cohort working in the same occupation in the same region. Perceptions about relative income are more important than actual relat...

In a population sample of 1462 middle-aged women socioeconomic data were studied in relation to obesity, assessed by a body weight index. Education, annual income, and social class were negatively correlated with weight index (WI). Husband's social class was a stronger determinant of obesity in the woman than her own class. Age of husband and number of children were significantly correlated wit...

In a high-crime environment with many high-income citizens, private security companies which off er protection against crime can fl ourish. In this article crime is modelled as a game where richer victims yield a higher return on crime, but with decreasing returns to crime as more criminals choose crime to supplement their income. Private security providers off er protection against crime and f...