How inclusive are European national identities of Muslim minorities and how can we explain cross-cultural variation in inclusiveness? To address these questions, we draw on large-scale school-based surveys of Muslim minority and non-Muslim majority and other minority youth in five European countries (Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey [CILS]; Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, ...

having relations with the muslim countries are very important for israel. many of these countries had avoided of establishing an open relation with it, because of their muslims opposite population against israel existence. the majority of them have considered israel as an enemy which had created by the efforts of the colonialists. so they considered it as an aggressive state and so they denied ...

In this paper we study space-efficient deterministic population protocols for several variants of the majority problem including plurality consensus. We focus on space efficient majority protocols in populations with an arbitrary number of colours C represented by k-bit labels, where k = dlogCe. In particular, we present asymptotically space-optimal (with respect to the adopted k-bit representa...

The statistical analysis of functional data is a growing need in many research areas. We propose a new depth notion for functional observations based on the graphic representation of the curves. Given a collection of functions, it allows to establish the “centrality” of a function and provides a natural center-outward ordering of the sample curves. Robust statistics such as the median function ...

Abstract In this article we define a new concept that has not previously been theorized: non-Muslim Islam . We argue theories and methodologies within Islamic studies produce hierarchy between Muslim productions of Islam, prioritizing the first. However, highlights may be produced for other purposes than belief in deity; example important producing identity, politics, aesthetics, narratives, et...