In patients with COPD, the degree of functional impairment appears to differ between the upper and lower limbs. Significant dyspnea and fatigue have been reported by these patients when performing tasks with unsupported upper limbs and two mechanisms have been proposed to explain this fact: neuromechanical dysfunction of respiratory muscles; and changes in lung volume during such activities. Th...

This project represents a continuous effort of Mauch Laboratories toward the improvement of artificial limbs, particularly for the lower limbs. Work on five items has been underway : A semivoluntary Swing and Stance Control knee mechanism (S-N-S System), an automatically controlled Tri-axial Ankle mechanism, a fully Voluntarily Actuated Swing and Stance Control knee mechanism, a mechanical low-...

hemimelia as a congenital anomaly is a failure of development of extremities formation in embryonic period. this anomaly is defined as complete absence of the part of extremities and different forms were explained for hemimelia. adactyly is an alternative name for transverse hemimelia and is a rare disorder in the most of animal species. a two months old male lamb with normal vital signs was re...