Traditional discourses upon literature have been predicated upon the ability to refer to a text that others may consult (Landow, 1994, p. 33). Texts that involve elements of feedback and nontrivial decision-making on the part of the reader (Aarseth, 1997, p. 1) therefore present a challenge to readers and critics alike. Since a persuasive case has been made against a critical method that sets o...

Applied Literature, however, does not have literature at its centre. Literature in this domain is a tool to solve problems and achieve goals. Using literature to teach and learn languages, the application of literature to language education, is a very handy example. Health Humanities (by Crawford, et al. and reviewed by A. Ramazani in our Journal's previous issue) comprises chapters on how lite...

In The Masks of God, Joseph Campbell recounts a curious phenomenon of animal behavior. Newly hatched chickens, bits of eggshells still clinging to their tails, will dart for cover when a hawk flies overhead; yet they remain unaffected by other birds. Furthermore, a wooden model of a hawk, drawn forward along a wire above their coop, will send them scurrying (if the model is pulled backward, how...

Herder has been sufficiently neglected in recent times, especially among philosophers, to need a few words of introduction. He lived 1744-1803; he was a favorite student of Kant's, and a student and friend of Hamann's; he became a mentor to the young Goethe, on whose development he exercised a profound influence; and he worked, among other things, as a philosopher, literary critic, Bible schola...

the analyzing methods of texts and their rendering are diverse and wide spread. this diversity spreads according to the renderers’ approach and viewpoint to premises and intellectual ‚ scientific and literary issues and to the extent of their  skill and knowledge in their specialized learning's . therefore they survey there issues from their viewpoints and trainings from this aspect we gra...

jabra ibrahim jabra, one of the most prolific arab authors, has enriched the arabic library and the mind of his audience by first functioning as a link in a rich chain of past cultural, artistic, and literary heritage; and second by reflecting the modern arab intellectual's classical mindset. he has a multifaceted career as a short story writer, novelist, critic, poet, playwright, and pain...

In the 1980s it was still possible to defend proudly and with impunity the traditional definition of plagiarism and the commonsensical delineation of scholarly standards and responsibilities. Take, for example, Peter Shaw’s 1982 essay on “Plagiary” in The American Scholar. His contentions and conclusions were simple and straightforward: that a plagiarist remains as Lord Chesterfield described h...