georges bernanos figure parmi les écrivains les plus importants du xxème siècle qui est récipiendaire du grand prix du roman de l'académie française pour son journal d'un curé de campagne en 1936. le journal relate l’histoire d’un curé de campagne qui ne réussit pas à établir le contact avec les paysans dont il a la charge. il est accusé d'avoir provoqué la mort de la comtesse qu...

georges bernanos figure parmi les écrivains les plus importants du xxème siècle qui est récipiendaire du grand prix du roman de l'académie française pour son journal d'un curé de campagne en 1936. le journal relate l’histoire d’un curé de campagne qui ne réussit pas à établir le contact avec les paysans dont il a la charge. il est accusé d'avoir provoqué la mort de la comtesse qui s'est enfermé...

The human mal gene, identified during a search for cDNAs selectively expressed during T-cell development, encodes a highly hydrophobic protein belonging to a group of proteins, termed proteolipids, characterized by their unusual property of being soluble in organic solvents used to extract cell lipids. To study the localization of the MAL protein we have prepared stable transfectants expressing...

MyD88 adaptor-like protein (Mal) is a crucial adaptor that acts as a bridge to recruit the MyD88 molecule to activated TLR4 receptors in response to invading pathogens. The specific assembly of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of TLR4, Mal and MyD88 is responsible for proper signal transduction in the TLR4 signaling pathway. However, the molecular mechanism for the specificity of t...

The family of type 1 transmembrane proteins known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide early immune system recognition and response to infection. In order to transmit their signal to the nucleus and initiate activation of pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial genes, TLRs must initiate a cytoplasmic signalling cascade, which is alternately controlled by 6 known signalling adaptors. These signalin...

Monomeric actin regulates gene expression through serum response factor (SRF) by inhibiting its transcriptional coactivator myocardin-related transcription factor (MAL/MRTF). Many affected genes encode cytoskeletal components. We have analysed the migratory effects of actin-MAL signalling and of new target genes in non-invasive highly adherent cells. Expression of active MAL impaired migration ...

Although a clear role for the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) adaptor-like (Mal, or TIRAP) in TLR4 signaling has been demonstrated, there is limited information on its role in TLR2 signaling. Here we have systematically analyzed the role of Mal in signaling by TLR2, TLR4, and as a control TLR3 in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. Mal was not required for the indu...

The MAL proteolipid, a component of the integral protein sorting machinery, has been demonstrated as being necessary for normal apical transport of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and the overall apical membrane proteins in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The MAL carboxy terminus ends with the sequence Arg-Trp-Lys-Ser-Ser (RWKSS), which resembles dilysine-based motifs involved in...

We report on emplrlcol study of elementory algebra errors, conducted In three separate schools. The errors ore diagnosed uslng mal-rules, as proposed by Slee-man (1984, 1,985). Our anolysls uncavers the fallowlng properties of algebra mal-rules: The frequency of mat-rules Is severely skewed, there are many infrequent mol-rules and few frequent ones: mal-rules are very unstable, students typical...