Words can be represented by composing the representations of subword units such as word segments, characters, and/or character n-grams. While such representations are effective and may capture the morphological regularities of words, they have not been systematically compared, and it is not understood how they interact with different morphological typologies. On a language modeling task, we pre...

In the first part of this paper I draw a typology of definiteness; later I reflect on the definiteness of NPs in an IL-representation. The major result is given by the determiner generators. Definiteness should be evaluated in a Q-A system and in MT. The extensive functionality of definiteness is first elaborated in the parsing and results in an ILrepresentation; finally the determiner generato...

e question of what aspects of a language’s word structure patterns contribute to its overall complexity has a long tradition. With roots in the notions of linguistic typology associated with traditional grammar, Sapir (; see also Anderson : §.) organizes these matters along three dimensions. One of these concerns the range of concepts represented by morphological markers, and refers ...

this research is designed to produce detailed descriptions of the morphological ergativity in three south asian languages. the chosen sample includes hindi/urdu, pashto and balochi, as morphologically enough to achieve the goals and generalizations of the research. the study presents the range of variation in case and agreement marking in these south asian descendants of the common indo-iranian...

Depuis quelques années, les abréviations des noms communs de personne se multiplient dans usages en français et on constate une riche variété réalisations formelles (différentes coupes, différents signes abréviatifs, etc.). Plusieurs questions lien avec abrégés sont thématisées exemplifiées, notamment à l’aide la désignation « collaborateur(s) / collaboratrice(s) », qui présente plusieurs parti...

117 As Head points out, “the cultural heritage sector uses the classical geographical sense of landscapes as modified by human activity, with an emphasis on ancient monuments and historical buildings.” In other words, cultural landscape heritage is generally approached in terms of material or morphological artifacts that constitute culturally determined physical, and therefore visible, modifica...

This article is an update and extension of an earlier publication (SCHERNEWSKI & WIELGAT 2004). Intensive public discussions suggested slight modifications in the typology as well as an updating and completion of comparisons between our typology and the national typologies. We further show examples how the water body concept can be applied to subdivide coastal water types as a response to exter...

Banjarmasin is known as a tidal waterfront city and it is called City of a Thousand Rivers. The city level was approximately -16 cm below the sea level and almost a swamp-land. The urbanization and the city development programs have changed the city’s physical and spatial plan from a wetland to a mainland structure. The issues of the city's transformation have changed the city structure from th...