We introduce a continuum model describing data losses in a single node of a packet-switched network (like the Internet) which preserves the discrete nature of the data loss process. By construction, the model has critical behavior with a sharp transition from exponentially small to finite losses with increasing data arrival rate. We show that such a model exhibits strong fluctuations in the los...

Data communication in networking is done through exchanging the data packets between the end points. The packet loss may occur in wired/wireless network during the data transmission. Losses in wired network are caused because of congestion in routers, but losses in wireless network may occur because of interference or network congestion. The main problem in wireless network compared to wired ne...

In this paper, simultaneous placement of distributed generation, capacitor bank and protective devices are utilized to improve the efficiency of the distribution network. The objectives of the problem are reduction of active and reactive power losses, improvement of voltage profile and reliability indices and increasing distribution companies’ profit. The combination of firefly algorithm, parti...

Irrigation canals are generally made through porous soil formations, since the is loose media – a huge amount of canal water lost to conveyance losses. The situation becomes direr when these losses result in non-beneficial Sindh province Pakistan has more than 70% saline groundwater, such areas not only become unusable but also creates management problems. Perhaps cost-effective way address lin...

background the non-revenue water refers to a difference between the volume of water entering the system and billed authorized consumption. objectives the main purpose of this study is to determine the volume of non-revenue water in order to recognize the factors influencing water losses so that the information gathered can used in non-revenue water reduction management. materials and methods ka...

In a packet-switched network, a feedback-based congestion control mechanism is essential to provide data transfer services efficiently. Its main objective is to prevent packet losses in the network, and to utilize network resources effectively. The current Internet uses a windowbased flow control mechanism in its TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), as the feedback-based congestion control mech...

In a packet-switched network, a feedback-based congestion control mechanism is essential to provide data transfer services efficiently. Its main objective is to prevent packet losses in the network, and to utilize network resources effectively. The current Internet uses a window-based flow control mechanism in its TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), as the feedback-based congestion control mec...