Experimental and numerical results have shown that two-dimensional surface roughness can stabilize a hypersonic boundary layer dominated by second-mode instability. It is sought to understand how this physical phenomenon extends from an airflow under a perfect gas assumption to that of a real gas. To these ends, a new high-order shock-fitting method that includes thermochemical nonequilibrium a...

In general, when a black hole evaporates, there arises a net energy flow from black hole into its outside environment due to Hawking radiation and energy accretion onto black hole. The existence of energy flow means that the thermodynamic state of the whole system, which consists of a black hole and its environment, is in a nonequilibrium state. To know the detail of evaporation process, the no...

A low diffusion particle method for simulating compressible low Knudsen number gas flows is modified for application to flows involving nonequilibrium distributions in rotational and vibrational energy modes. This method is closely based on the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, and has been developed for use in a strongly coupled hybrid scheme with DSMC. In simulations employing this...

When a black hole is put in an empty space (zero temperature space) on which there is no matter except the matter of the Hawking radiation (Hawking field), then an outgoing energy flow from the black hole into the empty space exists. By the way, an equilibrium between two arbitrary systems can not allow the existence of an energy (heat) flow from one system to another. Consequently, in the case...

Recent modeling of thermal nonequilibrium processes in simple molecules like hydrogen and nitrogen has indicated that rotational nonequilibrium becomes as important as vibrational nonequilibrium at high temperature. In this study, to analyze rotational nonequilibrium, the rotational mode is separated from the translational-rotational mode that is usually considered in two-temperature models. Th...

The Fluctuation Theorem (FT) gives an analytic expression for the probability, in a nonequilibrium system of finite size observed for a finite time, that the dissipative flux will flow in the reverse direction to that required by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. In the present letter a Local version of the Fluctuation Theorem (LFT), is derived. We find that in the case of planar Poiseuille flo...

We discovered an out-of-equilibrium transition in the ideal gas between two walls, divided by inner, adiabatic, movable wall. The system is driven supplying energy directly into volume of gas. At critical heat flux, we have found a continuous to state with low-density, hot on one side wall and dense, cold other side. Molecular dynamic simulations soft-sphere fluid confirm existence interacting ...

Abstract. Solute transport in the subsurface is often considered to be a nonequilibrium process. Nonequilibrium during transport of solutes in porous medium has been categorized as either transport-related or sorption-related. For steady state flow in a homogeneous soil and assuming a linear sorption process, we will consider advection-diffusion adsorption equations. In this paper, numerical me...

Equilibrium and nonequilibrium free energies of complex fluids are fundamental quantities that can be used to determine a wide array of system properties. Recently, we demonstrated the direct determination of the equilibrium free energy landscape and corresponding elasticity of polymer chains from work calculations in highly nonequilibrium fluid flows. In the present study, we further demonstra...

We present nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of planar elongational flow (PEF) by an algorithm proposed by Tuckerman et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 106, 5615 (1997)] and theoretically elaborated by Edwards and Dressler [J. Non-Newtonian, Fluid Mech. 96, 163 (2001)], which we shall call the proper-SLLOD algorithm, or p-SLLOD for short. [For background on names of algorithms see W. G. Hoover,...