In this paper we extend to three-phase flow the nonequilibrium formalism proposed by Barenblatt and co-workers for two-phase porous media flow. The underlying idea is to include nonequilibrium effects by introducing a pair of effective water and gas saturations, which are linked to the actual saturations by a local evolution equation. We illustrate and analyze how nonequilibrium effects lead to...

We consider a black hole in a heat bath, and the whole system which consists of the black hole and the heat bath is isolated from outside environments. When the black hole evaporates, the Hawking radiation causes an energy flow from the black hole to the heat bath. Therefore, since no energy flow arises in an equilibrium state, thermodynamic state of the whole system is not in an equilibrium. T...

The phase space probability density for steady heat flow is given. This generalizes the Boltzmann distribution to a nonequilibrium system. The expression includes the nonequilibrium partition function, which is a generating function for statistical averages and which can be related to a nonequilibrium free energy. The probability density is shown to give the Green-Kubo formula in the linear reg...

When a black hole evaporates, there arises a net energy flow from the black hole into its outside environment due to the Hawking radiation and the energy accretion onto black hole. Exactly speaking, any thermal equilibrium state has no energy flow, and therefore the black hole evaporation is a nonequilibrium process. To study details of evaporation process, nonequilibrium effects of the net ene...

The computational formulation of a new nonequilibrium Reynolds stress closure is presented along with preliminary validation results for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbulent flow problems of practical engineering importance. The new nonequilibrium closure, which has been rigorously derived elsewhere, replaces the classical Boussinesq hypothesis appearing in many current two-equation tur...

The distortion of structure of a simple, inverse-12, soft-disk fluid undergoing two-dimensional plane Couette flow was studied by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation and by equilibrium Monte Carlo (MC) simulation with a nonequilibrium potential, under which the equilibrium structure of the fluid is that of the nonequilibrium fluid. Extension of the iterative predictor-corrector ...

It is usual in the study of the streamlining of bodies by a nonequilibrium flow of dissociated air to assume equilibrium in the translational, rotational, and vibrational degrees of freedom. However, this approximation does not offer the required accuracy, for example, in examining the fast-acting processes that arise in compression shocks. To describe the structure of the flow in this region i...