Today’s housing, as a private realm of human life, has changed in comparison with the past which was made regardless of quality, desirability, and lack of paying attention to the human needs and its psychological consequences; That is to say, residential units have turned into a set of closed spaces and their open and semi-open spaces have been merged into the urban spaces which disrupted their...

AxialGen is a research prototype for automatically generating the axial map, which consists of the least number of the longest visibility lines (or axial lines) for representing individual linearly stretched parts of open space of an urban environment. Open space is the space between closed spaces such as buildings and street blocks. This paper aims to provide an accessible guide to software Ax...

In this paper, we have dened and studied a generalized form of topological vector spaces called s-topological vector spaces. s-topological vector spaces are dened by using semi-open sets and semi-continuity in the sense of Levine. Along with other results, it is proved that every s-topological vector space is generalized homogeneous space. Every open subspace of an s-topological vector space is...

According to research, between 15 to 20 percent of the total energy consumption of every country is used for residential spaces. This amount is explanatory of the high cost and will follow the destruction of natural resources and environmental demolition. The aim of this research is to recognize earth thermal ability and its usage in public buildings and especially in private buildings in order...

Recent empirical investigations have indicated that the majority of occupants in office buildings would appreciate contact with the external environment, especially in cities where the climate is mild for part of the year. Supported by the possibilities of adaptive thermal models, the design of naturally ventilated buildings has been elaborated since the decade of 1990s. More communal areas rat...

Given a code from a shift space to an irreducible sofic shift, any two of the following three conditions – open, constant-to-one, (right or left) closing – imply the third. If the range is not sofic, then the same result holds when bi-closingness replaces closingness. Properties of open mappings between shift spaces are investigated in detail. In particular, we show that a closing open (or cons...

This paper introduces a practical approach to constructing a hybrid 3D metrical–topological model of a university campus or other extended urban region from labeled 2D floor plan geometry. An exhaustive classification of adjacency types is provided for a typical infrastructure, including roads, walkways, green-space, and detailed indoor spaces. We extend traditional lineal techniques to 2D open...