introduction: many factors are related to the disability of subjects with chronic low back pain. fear-avoidance of injury and movement are the most important risk factors to increase the disability followed by decreased physical activity in these patients. the aim of current study was to compare the level of disability and fear-avoidance between two groups of low back pain patients with and wit...

background: neuropathic pain (np) is one of the most suffering medical conditions that often fail to respond to certain pain therapy. although its exact etiology is still unknown the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) and oxidative stress were explored by many researchers. neuropathies either central or peripheral lead to painful condition as well as social and economic isolation, thus vario...

introduction: low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders,which is prevalent among the public population. depending on the severity of the patients’ pain, different treatments are selected for them. few studies have addressed, so far, the therapeutic effects of laser in such pains and different results have been published in this regard. the aim of this study is to investi...

background: patients undergoing orthodontic treatment experience varying degrees of pain with separator insertion. a survey of patients’ attitude towards orthodontic treatment revealed that pain was the most discouraging factor related to their treatment. moreover, it was the highest ranking reason for wanting to discontinue care. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low-lev...

background and aims. muscular pain in the facial region is the most common cause of facial pains. myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (mpds) is one of the most important facial muscle disorders comprising of signs and symptoms including pain during function, tenderness in the muscles of mastication and restricted jaw movement. due to the lack of an accepted therapeutic approach, the purpose of...