various criteria are involved impacting trend of art and literature in a society. socio-political infrastructure and changes within it are of the parameters affecting literature in a society. in 19th century in iran, literature and poetry in particular was reformed fundamentally under impact of socio political structure. courtier poetry was replaced by practical protest one to achieve this whil...

plants in ancient fictional texts describe the  relation between low world and super worlds and appear in forms including ritual resurrection, human reincarnation in plant and vice versa, identification of human and plant , and etc which  relate human's spirit to supernatural. contemporary persian poets are taking advantage of a new language that is full of mythical concepts for expression...

Abstract This article discusses use of the meter mutaqārib in Persian masnavī (narrative) poetry as related to its content from a comparative perspective. One aims is demonstrate various connections between set narrative poems composed . The questions previous assumptions about form and style early verse romances contributes further discussion approaches poetry.

poetry is usually the result of poet’s experiences and observations. many of these experiences and findings are not reached through a single sense. to express and transfer such cases, a poet needs to impact different senses of the reader at the same time. one way to do this is through synesthesia. this rhetorical ornament can be achieved by using the word related to a sense about another. thi...

parvin e'tesami is one of the famous outstanding persian poets of the constitutional era and also the reign of pahlavi i who composed her poems based on persian classical literature with moral contents and new political and social themes in the field of didactic literature. under the influence of european newfangled intellectuals, romanticism formed during 18th century and devided into dif...

emergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. appearance of epic among the greek and the iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances and means for their development and evolution. movement of free verse developing in arabic lands was in fact reaction to artis...