Generic medicine pricing is an area of national responsibility of European Union countries. This article aims to present the current status and impact of generic medicine pricing policies in ambulatory care in Europe. The study conducts a literature review of policies relating to free-pricing systems, price-regulated systems, price differentiation, price competition and discounts, and tendering...

Geographic price discrimination is generally considered beneficial to firm profitability. However, theoretical results point to conditions under which firms might prefer to price uniformly across markets in oligopolistic settings. This paper provides an empirical analysis of competitive price discrimination and quantitatively assesses the profitability of national pricing relative to store-leve...

Many practitioners currently use rules of thumb to price tasks on online labor markets. Incorrect pricing leads to task starvation or inefficient use of capital. Formal pricing policies can address these challenges. In this paper we argue that a pricing policy can be based on the trade-off between price and desired completion time. We show how this duality can lead to a better pricing policy fo...

Pricing policies play an important role in water demand management and its optimal allocation. Determining proper water price leads to optimal allocation of water especially in agricultural consumptions. Applying new subsidy targeting law in Iran which insists on pricing water based on its supply cost, will effects considerably on water resource management in agriculture sector. So, in this stu...

Domestic carbon pricing policies may impose adverse competitiveness risks on energy-intensive firms and industries competing with foreign firms that may bear a lower or zero price on carbon. The risks of competitiveness effects include adverse economic outcomes—reduced production, lower employment, and higher net imports—and adverse environmental outcomes, with the shifting of emissions-intensi...

Nowadays, traffic management policy in metropolitans is focused on increasing the share of public transit. The limitation of supply and slowing growth of road infrastructures have provided congestion for users who choose personal cars. Therefore, applying demand management policies which decrease the utility of personal cars and increase the tendency to public transit can be very important. Con...

ECONOMICPRESSURE ON LIBRARIES in the United States is approaching a critical stage.’ Academic libraries in particular are vulnerable to this pressure because of tightened budgets coupled with rapidly increasing costs. Academic institutions have been hurt economically by the need to increase tuition, while enrollment is decreasing due to lower birthrates in the 1950s and early 1960s, less intere...

We study the role of pricing policies in multiple service class networks. We rst argue that some form of service-class sensitive pricing is required in order for any multiclass service discipline to have the desired eeect. Borrowing heavily from the Nash implementation paradigm in economics, we then present an abstract formulation of service disciplines and pricing policies. This formulation al...

W study a firm’s optimal pricing policy under commitment. The firm’s objective is to maximize its longterm average revenue given a steady arrival of strategic customers. In particular, customers arrive over time, are strategic in timing their purchases, and are heterogeneous along two dimensions: their valuation for the firm’s product and their willingness to wait before purchasing or leaving. ...

In October 2015, the third international Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information (PPRI) Conference was held in Vienna to foster discussion on challenges in pricing and reimbursement policies for medicines. The research presented highlighted that commonly used pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies are not sufficiently effective to address current challenges. Conference p...