In this paper, we present that genotype-phenotype mapping can be theoretically interpreted using the concept of quotient space in mathematics. Quotient space can be considered as mathematically-defined phenotype space in the evolutionary computation theory. The quotient geometric crossover has the effect of reducing the search space actually searched by geometric crossover, and it introduces pr...

Let A be a noncommutative associative algebra, viewed as a Lie algebra via definition of the Lie bracket [x, y] = xy − yx. Define the lower central series filtration inductively by L1(A) = A, and Li+1(A) = [A,Li(A)]. Denote the components of its associated graded space by Bi(A) = Li(A)/Li+1(A). The components of the associated graded space are well understood in the cases when A = An = the free...

Quotient space theory (QST), a new granule computing tool dealing with imprecise, incomplete and uncertain knowledge, uses a triplet, including the universe, its structure and attributes, to describe a problem space or simply a space. As one of important theories of granular computing (GrC), QST is very helpful to the study of cognitive informatics (CI). This article summarizes the quotient spa...

In this paper, we define topological hyperrings and study their basic concepts which supported by illustrative examples. We show some differences between topological rings and topological hyperrings. Also, by the fundamental relation $\Gamma^{*}$, we indicate the role of complete parts (saturated subsets) and complete hyperrings in topological hyperrings and specially we show that if every (clo...

We apply Preuss' concept of $mbbe$-connectedness to the categories of lattice-valued uniform convergence spaces and of lattice-valued uniform spaces. A space is uniformly $mbbe$-connected if the only uniformly continuous mappings from the space to a space in the class $mbbe$ are the constant mappings. We develop the basic theory for $mbbe$-connected sets, including the product theorem. Furtherm...

We define the ε∞-product of a Banach space G by a quotient bornological space E | F that we denote by Gε∞(E | F ), and we prove that G is an L∞-space if and only if the quotient bornological spaces Gε∞(E | F ) and (GεE) | (GεF ) are isomorphic. Also, we show that the functor .ε∞. : Ban× qBan −→ qBan is left exact. Finally, we define the ε∞-product of a b-space by a quotient bornological space a...

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania undergo a complex life cycle involving transmission by biting sand flies and replication within mammalian macrophage phagolysosomes. A major component of the Leishmania surface coat is the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored polysaccharide called lipophosphoglycan (LPG). LPG has been proposed to play many roles in the infectious cycle, includi...