a gyrogroup is a nonassociative group-like structure modelled on the space of relativistically admissible velocities with a binary operation given by einstein's velocity addition law. in this article, we present a few of groups sitting inside a gyrogroup $g$, including the commutator subgyrogroup, the left nucleus, and the radical of $g$. the normal closure of the commutator subgyrogroup, ...

in this paper, we proposed a novel structure for designing all optical filter based on photonic crystal structure. in designing the proposed filter, we simply employed a point defect localized between input and output waveguides as wavelength selecting part of the filter. the initial form of this filter is capable of selecting optical waves at =1560 nm, the transmission efficiency of the filte...

filter is one of the main components of embankment dams. by a simple but effective performance, filter protects the dam against erosion and soil scouring in impervious core caused by leakage (piping) and makes it safe. interaction between filter and erodible base soil is a complex phenomenon which is dependent upon several factors, and has challenged researchers for better understanding the fil...

in this article, the effect of cells' radius on the behavior of wavelength switching optical filter andthe effect of the radius of the optical filters' key characteristics such as wavelength resonance onan optical filter based on photonic crystals, have been investigated. currently, the most commonapplied mechanism for designing optical filter based on photonic crystals is using twomechanisms s...

Finite impulse response (FIR) filter is the key functional block in DSP (Digital Signal Processing) designs and nearly always form the starting point for analyzing an architecture. This paper contains a new filter architecture, along with FPGAVirtex-4 (Xilinx) and XtremeDSP (DSP48) slice. The XtremeDSP slice is a high performance multiplier and arithmetic unit with great flexibility that can fo...

in this paper, using annular resonator we have designed an adding and dropping filter light based ontwo-dimensional photonic crystals. the shape of ring resonator filter adding and dropping that wehave proposed is race track. this filter has a hexagonal lattice structure of silicon bars withrefractive index 3/46 that is located in the context of air with refractive index 1. transmissionefficien...

We study algebraic properties of categories of Merotopic, Nearness, and Filter Algebras. We show that the category of filter torsion free abelian groups is an epireflective subcategory of the category of filter abelian groups. The forgetful functor from the category of filter rings to filter monoids is essentially algebraic and the forgetful functor from the category of filter groups to the cat...

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that particulate matter < or = 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) particles have the ability to generate free radical activity at their surface. We collected PM10 filters from the Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Enhanced Urban Network sampling site, removed particles from the filter, and tested their ability to cause free radical damage to ...

periodic noises are unwished and spurious signals that create repetitive pattern on images and decreased the visual quality. firstly, this paper investigates various methods for reducing the effects of the periodic noise in digital images. then an adaptive optimum notch filter is proposed. in the proposed method, the regions of noise frequencies are determined by analyzing the spectral of noisy...