This research assesses informal markets that dominate pharmaceutical systems in severely disrupted countries and identifies areas for further investigation. Findings are based on recent academic papers, policy and grey literature, and field studies in Somalia, Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Haiti. The public sector in the studied countries is characterized in part by weak Min...

LEADING OFF 1 • OVERVIEW ON WOMEN’S HEALTH IN CRISES 2 ISSUES • A HUMAN RIGHTS BASED APPROACH 3 • SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT POPULATIONS 4 • CONFLICTS, AIDS, WOMEN AND THE MILITARY 5 • REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 6 • WOMEN’S MENTAL HEALTH IN EMERGENCIES 7 CASE STUDIES • DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 8 • AFGHANISTAN 9 • COLOMBIA 10 • KOSOVA 11 • BANGLADESH 13 WORLD NEWS • WHO WOMEN’S HEALTH INITIATIVE 1...

extended abstract 1. introduction after 11thseptemberand providing background for thoughts of new conservative strategists, doctrine of changing regimes for omitting governments which were against hegemony of the usa, was focused by national security of america. new conservative decision makers with focusing on strategy of changing regime omitting contestant and bankrupt governments and creatin...

HYPOTHESIS Surgical and anesthetic care is increasingly recognized as a neglected but cost-effective component of primary health care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Strengthening delivery can help achieve Millennium Development Goals 4, 5, and 6. Large gaps in access to essential surgical care in LMICs result in considerable morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to p...

We conducted this study to obtain a comprehensive picture of molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in three neighboring countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan as a basis for discussing possible hypothesis regarding between-country virus transmission. Our results showed that subtype composition differs between these countries with more variation in Pakistan than Iran and Afghanistan. The CRF3...

Discourse on women's reproductive rights through the lens of Muslim culture. The use of contraception, assisted fertility and abortion, are analyzed in Iran and Afghanistan. The culture surrounding family planning is detailed through a woman’s community, family, religion and the laws that govern the society they live in, which all influence her decision making in these matters. This piece stand...

Post-9/11 incident the Taliban rule ended in Afghanistan and a democratic government was established through Bonn conference December 2001. The held with active intervention of US UN, which distributed power amongst different ethnic groups country, followed by promulgation constitution 2004 “Loya Jirga” Kabul. new proclaimed as sovereign, Islamic Republic-where state’s legitimacy would be achie...