is arguably the most misunderstood of punctuation tools. ask someone about comma rules and even those who begin with confidence are likely to trail off apologetically. This is because comma use is not fully explained by rules; it depends in part on taste. But, as David Crystal insists in his history of punctuation, variation in comma use is neither infinite nor totally idiosyncratic [1]. It tur...

Internet today has a huge impact on all aspects of life, and also in the area of the broader context of democracy, politics and politicians. If democracy is freedom of choice, there are a number of conditions that can ensure in practice the freedom to be achieved and realized. These preconditions must be achieved regardless of the manner of voting. The key contribution of ICT to achieve freedom...

Automatic speech transcripts can be made more readable and useful for further processing by enriching them with punctuation marks and other meta-linguistic information. We study in this work how to improve automatic recovery of one of the most difficult punctuation marks, commas, in French and in Czech. We show that commas detection performances are largely improved in both languages by integra...

'M. Kac, "On Some Connections between Probability Theory and Differential and Integral Equations," Proc. Second Berkeley Symposium Math. Statistics and Probability, pp. 189-215, 1951. 2 D. Ray, "On Spectra of Second-Order Differential Operators," Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 77, 299-321, 1954. 3R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 1 (New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc.,...

In the present study, self-paced reading and event-related potential experiments were conducted to explore the roles commas play in reading complex sentences in Japanese, a language in which punctuation rules are less strictly imposed. The results strongly indicated that commas could immediately activate a complex-sentence structure and affect the processing of the following inputs; however, th...

We study the feasibility of identifying comma locations using both n-gram models and stochastic contextfree grammars (SCFGs). Specifically, our algorithms take an input sentence without commas and returns the positions where commas should be inserted, along with probability or confidence estimates. This can be generalized to correcting comma placement with minor modifications. However, we focus...

B y corpus analyses, about seventy-five percent of Chinese sentences are composed of more than two sentence segments separated by commas or semicolons. A segment may be a sentence, a noun phrase, a verb phrase, an adjective phrase, an adverbial phrase, or a prepositional phrase. An N P segment may serve as a subject of the next segment or an object of the previous segment. The empty category pr...

Hydrogen that used as fuel in fuel cell vehicles can be produced from renewable sources such as wind, solar, and hydro technologies. PV-electrolyzer is one of the promising methods to produce hydrogen with zero pollution emission. Hydrogen production from a PV-electrolyzer system depends on the efficiency of the electrolyzer and photovoltaic array, and sun irradiance at that site. In this study...

This study characterizes the descriptive and theoretical properties of scrambling in Central Kurdish. Scrambling denotes a phenomenon or process by which constituents clause are displaced from their original unmarked positions placed other sentence. Following tenets concepts as currently assumed work within framework Minimalist Program, answers questions that related to types may undergo langua...