The composition of municipal wastewater and sewage sludge reflects the use and proliferation of elements and contaminants within society. In Sweden, official statistics show that concentrations of toxic metals in municipal sewage sludge have steadily decreased, by up to 90 %, since the 1970s, due to environmental programmes and statutory limits on metals in sludge and soil. Results from long-te...

The incidence pattern of cadmium tolerance and antibiotics resistance by Escherichia coli was examined periodically from the samples of water, sludge and intestine of fish raised in waste stabilization ponds in a sewage treatment plant. Samples of water and sludge were collected from all the selected ponds and were monitored for total counts of fecal coliform (FC), total coliform (TC) and the p...

The most important necessity for life is water. Shortage of clean & fresh drinking water leads to suffering. This is mainly contributed by generation of sewage waste mixed with the water bodies, due to unplanned urbanization and has largely contributed to the causing severe water pollution. Pollutants discharged in waste waters can be toxic to aquatic life and cause natural waters to be unfit t...

The large-scale reuse of untreated domestic sewage for irrigation is commonplace in many arid and semiarid zones of Latin America, as a result of increasing population pressures, water shortages, and protein shortfalls. Twenty per cent of the land is arid or semiarid, having only 5% of the water resources of the Region; but this land supports 60% of the population (367 million people in 1983-I)...

Sewage sludge was used as fertilizer in agriculture in Switzerland since the begin ning of modern waste water treatment. During the last 40 years several difficulties arose with the agricultural use. The problems with pathogenic germs could be solved with a prepasteurisation. The contamination with heavy metals was reduced during the years but remained a cause for concern. The fear of mad cow d...

In this paper we describe some work carried out in the UK into improving the effectiveness of a waste treatment and distribution network. Sludge is the name given to (treated) waste water and sewage. It is collected at small facilities and requires further treatment before it can be disposed of. We develop a linear programming model for the problem of effectively treating and distributing sludg...

Sanganur canal is the major open drainage system which has intricate linkage with storm water supply, domestic sewage and industrial effluent disposal. Water samples from various stations were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters to assess the water quality of the Sanganur canal system. The study revealed that physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, COD exceeded t...

Waste water treatment facilities clean sewage water from households and industry in several cleaning steps. Such facilities are dimensioned to accommodate a maximum intake. However, in the case of very bad weather conditions or failures of system components the system might not suffice to accommodate all waste water. This paper models a real waste water treatment facility, situated in the city ...

Dairy waste, more than any other trade waste has long since attracted the attention of specialists in the field of waste water purification. Many experiments have been made with artificial waste water, made from milk or milk products. Dairy wastes provide an excellent nutrient medium for many types of bacteria and fungi and, contrary to opinions held at one time, are very amenable to aerobic bi...