There are thousands of different kinds of sports. Every sport with a distinct aim and form requires its own technical support. In modern sport activities, both recreational and professional, for healthy and for disabled sportspersons, there are many activities based on using products of engineering. Those products are used by competitors, coaches, referees, servicepersons, organizers, journalis...

In recent years, research has shown a positive correlation between sport-specific cognitive abilities and the performance of referees in different sports. However, it is still uncertain how much expertise exhibited by results from acquired skills versus pre-existing general abilities. This study aimed to determine if relationship previously observed also applies visual cooperation with German b...

It is well reported that expert athletes have refined perceptual-cognitive skills and fixate on more informative areas during representative tasks. These perceptual-cognitive skills are also crucial to performance within the domain of sports officials. We examined the visual scan patterns of elite and sub-elite association football referees while assessing foul play situations. These foul play ...

Objective. The existence of the home advantage in sport is well known. There is growing evidence that crowd noise plays a crucial part in this phenomenon. Consequently, a quantitative study was undertaken to examine influence of crowd noise upon refereeing decisions in association football (soccer). The association between years of experience and any imbalance in refereeing decisions was also a...

the aim of the present study was to compare and analyze football referees' status in iran and england. this study used factors and variables which affected this issue (assessor scales). method of this research was descriptive and library-based. results showed that iran referee structure was not in accordance with england and more development and variety was observed in england referee stru...

In the ever-accelerating world of sports, decisions are playing a more critical role. The coaches' determine outcome match. study aimed to review what factors sports officials in different sports. Today, many former players choose stay sport and continue their activities as coaches. Nonetheless, there is no unified system for determining experience Various influence decisions. These can be both...

Background Rugby union is a collision sport where participants are at high risk of sustaining a concussion. In settings where there is little qualified medical supervision, certain stakeholders (eg, coaches and officials) should possess sufficient knowledge in regard to the recognition and management of concussion. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and experience of variou...

The study aimed to identify factors predicting self-efficacy in a sample of 248 Italian handball referees. The main hypothesis was that perception of teamwork efficacy would be a significant predictor of self-efficacy in handball referees. Participants completed an online questionnaire including Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (α = 0.85), Self-Determination Scale (α = 0.78), and an adaptation for R...