The possible effect of contrails in modifying the weather is reconsidered in the light of information obtained from ground-level contrails in Alaska. It appears likely that inadvertent cloud seeding b y jet aircraft may be of the same order of magnitude as that attained in commercial cloud seeding operations. Further investigation is needed; but in the meantime, the possibility of contrail cont...

Background: Megavoltage beams used in radiotherapy are contaminated with secondary electrons. Different parts of linac head and air above patient act as a source of this contamination. This contamination can increase damage to skin and subcutaneous tissue during radiotherapy. Monte Carlo simulation is an accurate method for dose calculation in medical dosimetry and has an important role in opt...

in this study, concentrations of heavy metals in soils around a zn-smelter in qeshm island, iran, are investigated. calculated geoaccumulation index (igeo), contamination factor (cf), and contamination degree (cdeg) values indicate surface soil contamination by toxic metals (as, cd, pb, and zn). the results also indicate that most contaminated areas are located in the vicinity of the smelter an...

Contamination of the external surface of anticancer drug vials supplied to hospital pharmacies has been recognized as a potential health hazard. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of contamination on the exterior surface of vials containing platinum anticancer drugs in Japan. Platinum contamination on the exterior surface of vials containing cisplatin or carboplatin was examine...

Laser and instrument systems used for space flight have extreme requirements for cleanliness. Many of these systems specify or require cleanliness target values approaching one monolayer of non-volatile residue (NVR) or even less in some cases. This opens up a completely new series of challenges that are added to the challenges facing contamination control and contamination analysis personnel. ...

Article history: Received: 01.05.2016. Received in revised form: 25.07.2016. Accepted: 06.09.2016. This study presents the results of investigating the cause of contamination of aluminum oxide ceramics (Al2O3) in the form of brown colored stain. Contaminated ceramic surfaces were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The res...

Prevalence of healthcare associated infections remains high in patients in intensive care units (ICU), estimated at 23.4% in 2011. It is important to reduce the overall risk while minimizing the cost and disruption to service provision by targeted infection control interventions. The aim of this study was to develop a monitoring tool to analyze the spatial variability of bacteriological contami...

AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of two spray-based decontamination methods for surface contamination reduction and to determine the potential for contamination spread by these methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Material coupons (treated plywood and concrete) were contaminated with c. 1 × 10(7) spores of Bacillus atrophaeus by aerosol deposition. Decontaminants (pH-adjusted bleach or Spor-Klenz(®...