in order to discover the chronology of hadiths, orientalists have adopted such various methods as text analysis, analysis of chain of transmission, and synthetic method of analysis of chain of transmission and text. in the third method, all various forms of a hadith are collected from different sources first, and their texts and chains of transmission are compared with one another then. through...

the principle theoretical basis of this article is the concept of 'city text' and the textuality standards. the article explores city as a text and takes the textuality standards into consideration for analyzing the city. text is one of the main elements that play a significant role in communication. people communicating by language do not do so simply by means of individual words or ...