In Persian culture, carpet is the most important formal image expression of “Garden”, next to its architectural manifestation. Nowadays, while the historical gardens have already been destroyed by nature or man and lack of documents is dominant, garden’s representation in garden-carpets enables researchers to study the history of Persian gardens. This paper, analyzes Persian g...

The Persian Garden has had various functions during its history and has been host to numerous events. Henceforth, in addition to the main building of the garden, it is essential to examine other structures in it as well. The Nazar Garden of Shiraz, dating from at least the Zand period, has always been the key garden in the Zandieh complex, which has gone through many functional modifications th...

As countryside of Kashan, Fin region has always been benefitting from more favorable climate owing to its proximity to Dandaneh Mt. as well as Fin spring. Therefore, so many historical gardens have been built there among which is the famous Fin garden, which is, currently the outstanding historical monument of this area. However, there are still remaining ruins of an older garden called Bagh-i-...

Vegetation is the important part of a historical garden so that, by destroying it, it's impossible to call the historical site a "Garden". In Persian gardens, the plants have special importance, since in many references the methods of planting in garden are specifically described. Whereas garden's vegetation is a mortal element and its replacement and restoration is not easily possible, so docu...

The existence of single-party systems in the world today, on the one hand, and the fact that federal governments in some parts of the world, meanwhile, make the two cases more contemplative. On the other hand, with the advent of both systems in Iraqi society, it is questioned how the interaction of a single-party system with federalism and what problems and challenges have arisen in this regard...