The identification of the cognitive, affective, social and even physiological factors affecting second or foreign language learning routes and rate has for long been a challenging aspiration for second language researchers. However, a recent preoccupation of the researchers in this area has been the study of the combinatorial impacts of such factors on second or foreign language learning proces...

Objective: Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) has two subtypes, care-seeking type, and care-avoidant. There is little information about the differences between the two subtypes.  Methods: This study was carried out to compare perfectionism and tolerance of ambiguity in the subtypes of the IAD. To this end, a causal-comparative design was employed. The statistical population of the study included t...

Drawing on Robinson’s cognition hypothesis, the study attempted to examine how task conditions influence EFL learners’ oral performance and whether learners’ individual differences in terms of tolerance of ambiguity and self-efficacy mediate the effects of such conditions. To this end, 62 Iranian intermediate EFL learners from private language institutes in Tehran performed four dyadic decision...

FROM THE INCEPTION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION, STUDENTS ARE TRAINED to recognize and categorize disease. Through the formulation of differential diagnosis we learn which constellations of symptoms are characteristic of certain pathologies, and we structure our investigations, treatment plans, and prognostic predictions accordingly. These activities ground and direct the clinical encounter. Yet, as th...