BACKGROUND The palm family occurs in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Palms are of high ecological and economical importance, and display complex spatial patterns of species distributions and diversity. SCOPE This review summarizes empirical evidence for factors that determine palm species distributions, community composition and species richness such as the abiotic environ...

S U M M A R Y Lateral viscosity variations (LVVs) in the mantle influence geodynamic processes and their surface expressions. With the observed long-wavelength geoid, free-air anomaly, gravity gradient in three directions and discrete, high-accuracy residual topography, we invert for depthand temperature-dependent and tectonically regionalized mantle viscosity with a mantle flow model. The inve...

[1] The reason for the survival of mountainous topography in ancient orogenic belts is a long-standing problem in geomorphology and geodynamics. We explore the geomorphologic controls on the timescale for the postorogenic decay of topography to address the question of whether there is a viable geomorphologic explanation for the persistence of topography in ancient orogenic belts or whether alte...

A considerable portion of Canada’s landmass is covered by grassland ecosystems. Insight into the grassland spatial heterogeneity will not only contribute to better understanding of the scale dependent ecological processes but will also help in management and monitoring. Leaf area index (LAI) is a key structural attribute of grassland that reflects primary production. It is well-known that topog...

A brief summary will be given of the putative etiological factors/topography that so far have been discussed in the context of cervicogenic headache (CEH), in approximately sequential order. Some of these factors have some basis in clinical research and practice; others are more speculative.

With the rapidly rising popularity and substantial evolution of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the past 5-6 years, how these devices are used by vapers and consumers' exposure to aerosol emissions need to be understood. We used puffing topography to measure directly product use. We adapted a cigarette puffing topography device for use with e-cigarettes. We performed validation using ai...

Fire is a dominant process in boreal forest landscapes and creates a spatial patch mosaic with different burn severities and age classes. Quantifying effects of vegetation and topography on burn severity provides a scientific basis on which forest fire management plans are developed to reduce catastrophic fires. However, the relative contribution of vegetation and topography to burn severity is...