The bivalves resist against such unwanted conditions by its own way and try to minimize the effect of the altered situation by removing the toxicant or made it simple by biotransformation. Effects of toxicants result from their interaction with certain receptors of the organisms. Thus the impact of toxicant is exerted not only on cell but also on the cell content. Different toxicants affect the...

The effect of different sublethal concentrations of diazinon at 1, 2 and 4 mg/L on some hematological and biochemical parameters of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) weighing 850±155g was studied after 1, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days post exposure to the toxicant as a bath for 12 hours at 18-22 C. In one day exposure fish to the toxicant, the values of neutrophiles exposed to 2 and 4mg/L were signi...

Changes in animal movement (frequency or speed of locomotion) following exposure to a toxicant are frequently considered a biomarker of contaminant exposure and are some of the most widely reported behavioral results in toxicological literature. However, the ecological consequences of such behavioral changes, such as effects on toxicant transfer in foodwebs, are far less well understood, compli...

Most natural populations experience some density dependence, and longterm average rates of population growth are likely to be close to zero (i.e., steady state). An essential question, therefore, is how and to what extent do density-dependent effects influence the responses of populations to toxicant impacts? Here we consider three general types of interaction between density dependence and tox...

Chemiluminescent response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was assessed to determine the effect of various concentrations of diazinon on the phagocytosis of grass carp in order to evaluate the fish immunity after exposure to this toxic chemical. One hundred and twenty specimens with individual weight of 850±155g were exposed to various concentrations of diazinon at 1, 2 and 4mg/L provide...

Epigenetic dysfunction is a known contributor in carcinogenesis, and is emerging as a mechanism involved in toxicant-induced malignant transformation for environmental carcinogens such as arsenicals or cadmium. In addition to aberrant DNA methylation of single genes, another manifestation of epigenetic dysfunction in cancer is agglomerative DNA methylation, which can participate in long-range e...

The effects of toxicant metals on human health have been reported in peer-reviewed literature with increasing frequency. Toxicant metals are present in many diseases of aging, especially vascular diseases. Toxicant metals are a natural environmental phenomenon as well as a byproduct of industrialization. The historical experience of toxicologists who treated individuals poisoned by acutely toxi...