Background & Objective: Persister cells are defined as a subpopulation of bacteria that are capable of reducing their metabolism and switching to dormancy in stress conditions. Persister cells formation has been attributed to numerous mechanisms, including stringent response and Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems. This study aimed to investigate the hypothetical role of TA systems in...

Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are group of E. coli causing bloody diarrhea. The goal of this survey was to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant shiga toxin-producing E. coli in cattle meat and its contact surfaces. Methods: Swab samples (n=120) were randomly collected from meat and contact surface of butchery shops in Sharkia province, Egypt. Prevalence o...

Food poisoning due to Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a major food health problem, particularly in terms of meat consumption. Due to human’s susceptibility to this pathogen, detection methods and prevention measures should be implemented to reduce its incidence. Several pathogenic strains of C. perfringens have been identified so far. One of the potential concerns about this bacteri...

T he ancient scourges of leprosy and tuberculosis are diseases caused by mycobacteria. These afflictions remain widespread in much of the world. It is estimated that one-third of Earth’s population is infected with tuberculosis, and 2 million die of the active form of the disease annually. Tuberculosis claims the greatest number of victims of any infectious disease and has reawakened public hea...

Beta2-toxin, encoded by cpb2, is implicated in the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens enteritis. However, cpb2 genes from nonporcine C. perfringens isolates were not always expressed, at least in vitro. Nucleotide sequencing identified atypical cpb2 genes with 70.2 to 70.7% DNA identity to previously identified (consensus) cpb2. Atypical beta2-toxin displayed 62.3% identity and 80.4% simil...

Fusion protein technology represents the strategy to achieve rapid, efficient, and cost-effective proteinexpression. Epsilon and Beta toxins are the most potent Clostridial toxins and cause disease in animals.This study describes in silico fusion of Clostridium perfringens types D and B epsilon and beta toxin genesthat was used for cloning in E.coli. The etx and cpb genes were...

Objective: Cholera is an acute secretory diarrhea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae mostly through production of cholera toxin (CT) and zonula occludens toxin (Zot).<span style="fon...

background and objectives: methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strains are divided into community associated (ca-) and hospital associated (ha-) mrsa. these strains vary in antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity. s. aureus is one of the most common microorganisms in ocular infections. this study was aimed to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic characterist...

The over use of antibiotics to treat infections in humans and animals made a phenomenon the antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While studies focused find on new but, identification novel antibacterial targets bacteria is very important. By Toxin antitoxin systems this hypothesis could be done, whereas by activation toxin or inactivation an antitoxin, raised kills bacterium. These are attractive tar...