Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) uses low intensity current to alter neuronal activity in superficial cortical regions, and has gained popularity as a tool for modulating several aspects of perception and cognition. This mini-review article provides an overview of tES and its potential for modulating spatial processes underlying successful navigation, including spatial attention, spati...

Over a decade since the initial establishment of modern transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), the field of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has blossomed to include a range of techniques (e.g., alternating current (tACS), random noise (tRNS), and pulsed current stimulation), and a diverse array of applications (e.g., depression, pain, tinnitus, stroke, and schizophrenia). At ...

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) influences neural activity in a way that can elicit behavioural change but may also improve high-level cognition or ameliorate symptoms in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the current fervour for tES contrasts with the paucity of mechanistically detailed models of how stimulation causes behavioural change. Here we challenge the plausibility of sever...

Objectives: To assess whether changes in brain microstructures associated with ageing and presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) reduce the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) improving mood in euthymic older adults. Methods: Using excitatory high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the effect on mood wa...

Closed-loop transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is attracting increasing interest, but limited hardware and software solutions impede wide adoption. In particular, existing are restricted to specific hardware, operating systems, commercial packages. We present a Python-based toolbox – PyTES for closed-loop TES. open-source, easy integrate with Python packages real-time brain decoding, abl...

Tinnitus is the perception of a sound in the absence of an external sound stimulus. This phantom sound has been related to plastic changes and hyperactivity in the auditory cortex. Different neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used in an attempt to modify local and distant neuroplasticity as to reduce ...

Transcranial electrostimulation (TES) has been reported to elicit significant analgesia, but its mechanism of action has not been elucidated. In a recently introduced clinically relevant rat model of TES we have validated and characterized the TES antinociceptive effect, suggesting involvement of the sensory nerves of the rat's scalp in mediating that effect. In this study, we have further inve...

A key challenge in multi-electrode transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is to find a current injection pattern that delivers the necessary current density at a target and minimizes it in the rest of the head, which is mathematically modeled as an optimization problem. Such an optimization with the Least Squares (LS) or Linearly Constrained ...

36 37 Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a promising therapeutic tool for a range of 38 neurological diseases. Understanding how the small currents used in tES spread across the scalp 39 and penetrate the brain will be important for the rational design of tES therapies. 40 41 Alternating currents applied transcranially above visual cortex induce the perception of flashes 42 of light (...