Large quantities of disinfectants are used in hospitals, externally on human skin or to eliminate microorganisms from inanimate objects. After use, residual quantities of these products reach the wastewater, exposing the bacteria that survive in hospital wastewaters to a wide range of biocides that could act as a selective pressure for the development of resistance. Increasing attention has bee...

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between emergency department length of stay (EDLOS) and inpatient length of stay (IPLOS). DESIGN Retrospective review of presentations and admissions data. SETTING Three metropolitan hospitals in Melbourne, 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean IPLOS for four categories of EDLOS (12 hours); excess ...

Historically, UWWs (urban wastewaters) that contain high levels of organic carbon, N (nitrogen), and P (phosphorous) have been considered an environmental burden and have been treated at the expense of significant energy input. With the advent of new pollution abatement technologies, UWWs are now being regarded as a renewable resource from which, useful chemicals and energy could be harvested. ...

background & aims of the study: antibiotics utilize with the aim of improving human, animal and plant health; also, for treating infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. when these compounds introduce into ecosystems, could affect the microbial community and jeopardize human health. therefore, the aim of present study is to determination of the presence of six common utilized antibiotics (amox...

Water quality management policies on a river basin scale are of special importance in order to prevent and/or reduce environmental pollution caused by human sources. Industrial effluents are a priority issue particularly in Urban Wastewater Systems (UWS) that receive mixed household and industrial wastewaters, apart from rainfall water. In this paper, we present an analysis and implementation o...

Background & Aims of the Study: Antibiotics utilize with the aim of improving human, animal and plant health; also, for treating infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. When these compounds introduce into ecosystems, could affect the microbial community and jeopardize human health. Therefore, the aim of present study is to determination of the presence of six common utilized ...