To establish the indices evaluating the ecological conditions of forests in Bangladesh, total number of butterflies counted in 5 observation sites reached 27,805 (76 species, 10 families). Number of butterflies (IND) and species showed bimodal pattern of seasonal fluctuations peaked in April and November-toDecember. The values of I(R5) also showed bimodal seasonal fluctuations peaked in January...

Bates hypothesized that some butterfly species that are palatable gain protection firom prédation by appearing similar to distasteful butterflies. When undisturbed, distasteñil butterflies fly slowly and in a straight line, and palatable Batesian mimics also adopt this nonchalant behaviour. When seized by predators, distasteñil butterflies are defended by toxic or nauseous chemicals. Lacking ch...

Bates hypothesized that some butterfly species that are palatable gain protection from predation by appearing similar to distasteful butterflies. When undisturbed, distasteful butterflies fly slowly and in a straight line, and palatable Batesian mimics also adopt this nonchalant behaviour. When seized by predators, distasteful butterflies are defended by toxic or nauseous chemicals. Lacking che...

1. Like other checkerspots, Euphydryas gillettii butterflies may contain the defensive chemicals, iridoid glycosides, which are sequestered from their hostplants during larval feeding. 2. We analysed the iridoid glycoside content of E.gillettii adults from two different populations, Warm Lake, Idaho, and Granite Creek, Wyoming, that have different patterns of hostplant use. 3. Gas chromatograph...

Male butterflies exploit a range of encounter sites, such as larval food resources, adult food resources and landmarks, to detect receptive females for mating. We present preliminary observations on behavior of males of Pereute and allied butterflies from South America which suggest that valley floors of ravines and gorges are used as non–resource–based encounter sites to locate mates. Males of...

The morphology of glacial valley can be described in terms of power law or quadratic equations fitted to valley cross-profiles. These two models are used to study the cross-profiles of 86 valley cross-profiles in the Zardkuh Mountain in order to understand the evolutional patterns of valleys. Assessment of using the power law function indicates that b values for both valley sides range from 1.0...

Rearing environment can have an impact on adult behavior, but it is less clear how rearing environment influences adult behavior plasticity. Here we explore the effect of rearing temperature on adult mating behavior plasticity in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, a species that has evolved two seasonal forms in response to seasonal changes in temperature. These seasonal forms differ in both morph...

Monitoring of butterflies is most often only directed towards the grassland fauna. Species associated with other vegetation types, as well as the impact of the surrounding landscape, often become neglected. The aim with this study was, in contrast, to perform a novel landscape-based monitoring method for butterflies in diverse vegetation types and more specifically (i) evaluate the impact of en...

28 Butterflies and moths are subject to different evolutionary pressures that affect several aspects 29 of their behaviour and physiology, particularly sexual communication. Butterflies are day30 flying insects (excluding hedylids) whose partner-finding strategy is mainly based on visual 31 cues and female butterflies having apparently lost the typical sex pheromone glands. Moths, 32 in contras...