Abstract Freeze lining is a solidified layer of slag formed on the inner side water-cooled pyrometallurgical reactor, which protects reactor walls from thermal, physical, and chemical attacks. Because freeze lining's high thermal resistance, heat losses strongly depend thickness. In batch process such as fuming, conditions change with time, affecting Determining thickness challenging it cannot ...

Temporal logic model checking techniques are applied, in a natural way, to the analysis of the set of finite traces composing a system log. The specific nature of such traces helps in adapting traditional techniques in order to extend their analysis capabilities. The paper presents an adaption of the classical Timed Propositional Temporal Logic to the case of finite words and considers relation...

BACKGROUND Analysis of fresh specimens in research studies is ideal; however, it is often necessary to freeze samples for evaluation at a later time. Limited evaluation of the effect of freeze-thawing of tendon tissue samples on inherent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters, such as ultrashort echo time (UTE) T2* values, have been performed to date. METHODS This study performed UTE MRI...

We consider the safety fragment of linear temporal logic with the freeze quantifier. The freeze quantifier is used to store a value from an infinite domain in a register for later comparison with other such values. We show that, for one register, satisfiability, refinement and model checking problems are decidable. The main result in the paper is that satisfiability is ExpSpace-complete. The pr...

Hydraulic traits were studied in temperate, woody evergreens in a high-elevation heath community to test for trade-offs between the delivery of water to canopies at rates sufficient to sustain photosynthesis and protection against disruption to vascular transport caused by freeze-thaw-induced embolism. Freeze-thaw-induced loss in hydraulic conductivity was studied in relation to xylem anatomy, ...

The effects of drying time during freeze-drying on the outermost cell surface of an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus S-7 (Smith, diffuse) were investigated, with special attention paid to capsule and slime production. To quantify capsule and slime production, capsule antigen production and cellular characteristics such as growth type in serum-soft agar, cell volume index, and clumpi...

The necessity of measuring permeability is encountered in number applications and some them have adequate measurement techniques available. However, the fields freeze drying, composite scaffolds, 3D printed materials, etc., sample materials unique shapes sizes, which disables use standardized equipment. Hence, a novel method was developed to determine material by analyzing high frequency unstea...