abstract target-oriented approaches to translation studies are regarded as recent theories of translation. one of the most famous theories among these approaches is descriptive translation studies presented by toury (1995). this theory gives a new dimension to translation studies and gives importance to the descriptive rather than prescriptive studies. it also identifies three sets of transla...

postcolonial feminism, also dubbed as third world feminism, is an innovative approach, demonstrating the way women of colonized countries suffer from both native patriarchies and imperial ideology. also due to this double-colonization, postcolonial feminists contend that third world women are subjected to both colonial domination of empire and male domination of patriarchy. while western femini...

In the world of art, gender, race and social class issues were ignored traditionally and it was assumed there is a kind of human that is universal, historical, without sex and is male and white of course. From this perspective, woman was only as the subject of artistic creation and thus art has been mixed with gender. But Feminist Aesthetics increases woman value from just being a subject and d...