This paper tests the importance of real shocks as sources of fluctuations in iran’s economy. For this purpose, based on the work of Boschen and Mills, a set of non-monetary variables which can affect economic growth have been selected and by using an illustrative business cycle model in which the production depends on the past and current value of real shocks, the influence 01’ these variables ...

In support of natural resource and ecosystem service policy, monetary value estimates are often presented to decision makers along with other types of information. There is some evidence that, presented with such 'mixed' information, people prioritise monetary over non-monetary information. We conduct a discrete choice experiment among New Zealand decision makers in which we manipulate the info...

We examine the effects of unconventional and conventional monetary policy announcements on the value of the dollar using high-frequency intraday data. Identifying monetary policy surprises from changes in interest rate futures prices in narrow windows around policy announcements, we find that surprise easings in monetary policy since the crisis began have had significant effects on the value of...

Measuring the monetary value of performance improvements is difficult. Whenever possible, the Air Force should attempt to justify bundling decisions on the basis of cost savings alone. That said, bundling can dramatically improve performance, and fairly simple methods can be devised to approximate the monetary value of many different kinds of performance improvements. This appendix • offers a b...

evaluating and selecting alternatives investment projects needs considering all relevant and important aspects. in traditional methods, the focus is just on tangible monetary criteria. also in the traditional methods, either all the information’s about factors must be known precisely or sufficient objective data must be available for applying probability theory. in this paper, a combinative app...

Is working more than monetary income? This paper attempts to give an answer to this question on the basis of the German Socioeconomic Panel data set. By comparing the satisfaction with life between workers and non–workers with the same household income, the monetary value of participating in the labour force is assessed. It is found that this monetary value is substantial for many individuals a...

We show that the institution of money promotes a transition from small to largescale economic interactions, from low to high-value exchange. In an experiment, subjects chose to play an “intertemporal cooperation game” either in low-value partnerships or in high-value groups of strangers. Theoretically, a monetary system was unnecessary to attain the efficient, large-scale cooperation outcome. E...