the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting timely repayment of agricultural loans in fars province. the necessary data was obtained from agricultural bank as well as through 163 questionnaires, filled out in fars-province. the farmers were divided in to timely repayment and defaulter groups while standard tobit model being used for the study. the dependent variable in this m...

OBJECTIVES  To estimate differences in annual income of physicians in the United States by race and sex adjusted for characteristics of physicians and practices. DESIGN  Cross sectional survey study. SETTING  Nationally representative samples of US physicians. PARTICIPANTS  The 2000-13 American Community Survey (ACS) included 43 213 white male, 1698 black male, 15 164 white female, and 12...

Dietary supplements sold for weight loss (WL), muscle building (MB), and sexual function (SF) are not medically recommended. They have been shown to be ineffective in many cases and pose serious health risks to consumers due to adulteration with banned substances, prescription pharmaceuticals, and other dangerous chemicals. Yet no prior research has investigated how these products may dispropor...

Opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect views of the Institute. Summary: This paper deals with the question of selectivity of missing data on income questions in large panel surveys due to item-non-response and with imputation as one alternative strategy to cope with this issue. In contrast to cross-section surveys, the imputation of missing value...

Using full-population register data from Denmark, this study shows that estimates of the economic gradient in mortality depends on the specific measure of economic resources used, where we investigate permanent income, annual income or financial and housing wealth. Our favorite measure is what we call ’Permanent income’, that is the average level of income over a long interval. We find that whe...

BACKGROUND Almost 97% of the Korean population is covered by National Health Insurance and are entitled to receive the same level of insurance benefits, regardless of how much each enrollee contributes to the system. However, the percentage of out-of-pocket payments is still high. This study examines whether the incurrence of high medical expenses affects household income. METHODS We use the ...

Area-based markers of deprivation (e.g., postal codes) are commonly used to identify groups of people with low socioeconomic status (SES); the validity of this approach, however, remains unknown. In this study, we determined the accuracy of using income quintile groups calculated on the basis of the median family income of each forward sortation area (1996 Canadian census) to identify those liv...

BACKGROUND Specialty, work effort, and gender have been shown to be associated with physicians' annual incomes; however, careful examination of the association between provider gender and annual income after correcting for other factors likely to influence income has not been conducted for anesthesiologists. METHODS Survey responses collected throughout the 1990s from 819 actively practicing ...

Reduced trade barriers and lower costs of transportation and information have meant that a growing part of the economy has been exposed to international trade. In particular, this is the case in the service sector. We divide the service sector into a tradable and a non-tradable part using an approach to identify tradable industries utilizing a measure of regional concentration of production. We...