The present experiments examined whether readers spontaneously simulate implied auditory elements of sentences. Participants read sentences that implicitly conveyed details that could provoke auditory imagery (e.g., The engine clattered as the truck driver warmed up his rig.), and then performed an unrelated sound categorization task during which they classified sounds as real (occurring in the...

Let G be a finite extensive form game with perfect information and chance moves, referred to here as a game. Fix a set of players N = {1, 2, ..., n} and a set of histories H, such that the root history ∅ ∈ H and, for any a = (a1, ..., at−1, at) ∈ H, (a1, ..., at−1) ∈ H. The set of terminal histories is Z ⊂ H, and the player assignment function identifies a subset of players (or Nature) at each ...

This paper introduces a set of English grammar symbols that the author has developed to enhance students’ understanding and consequently, application of the English grammar rules. A pretest-posttest control-group design was carried out in which the samples were students in two girls’ senior high schools (N=135, P ≤ 0.05) divided into two groups: the Treatment which received gramm...

background: noise-induced hearing loss (nihl) is one of the most common occupational illnesses. most of the studies on nihl were conducted at high noise levels that people are rarely exposed to but in industries. the function of the outer hair cells (ohcs) is impaired after exposure to industrial noise. distortion product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) are useful in examination of noise-induced...