in today’s business transactions, it is frequently observed that a customer is allowed some grace period (permissible delay in payment) before settling the account with the supplier or producer. this policy is advantageous both for the supplier and customer since supplier attracts more customers and customer does not have to pay any interest during this fixed period either. in this paper, the r...

Background: In Iran, a combination of three methods of budget payment, fee for service and case-based payment (known as the global payment system) is used to reimburse the cost of hospital services. The aim of this study was to investigate the costs of 90 services of the Global Hospital Reimbursement System at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional app...

Indian economy has been experiencing an average annual rate of growth of around 6 per cent since the early 1980s. Though, moderate compared to the performance of several east Asian economies during the same period, this was quite impressive compared to the performance of Indian economy during the preceding three decades when the average growth logged 3.5 per cent per annum. In terms of per capi...

An income tax is equivalent to a uniform tax on all expenditures, including expenditures on commodity tax payments. This will compound the tax being applied to any taxed commodity. In the presence of an income tax, therefore, any expenditure tax (including a pollution tax) will produce a higher effective tax than its nominal tax rate would suggest. For example, a nominal Pigouvian tax applied t...

In this paper, we discuss netting effects in life insurance policies provided by the natural hedge between payments that are due when sojourning in a state and when leaving a state. We uncover potentials for such netting effects with the help of a sensitivity analysis, and we quantify the effect on solvency reserves with the help of a worst-case analysis. The paper discusses a number of example...

The primary legislative response to diminishing private plan participation in the Medicare+Choice (M+C) program since 1999 has been substantial payment increases. Analysis of M+C decisions to continue serving or drop counties from 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 reveals that payment amounts, although important, did not have a consistent impact on these decisions. Plan decisions varied depending on the ...

This major final rule with comment period addresses changes to the physician fee schedule, clinical laboratory fee schedule, and other Medicare Part B payment policies to ensure that our payment systems are updated to reflect changes in medical practice and the relative value of services. This final rule with comment period also includes a discussion in the Supplementary Information regarding v...

BACKGROUND Effective hypertension management often necessitates patients' adherence to the blood pressure (BP)-lowering medication regimen they are prescribed. Patients' adherence to that regimen can be affected by prescription- and payment-related factors that are typically controlled by prescribers, filling pharmacies, pharmacy benefit managers, and/or patients' health insurance plans. This s...

In this paper we examine potential structural changes in the setup of executive payment schemes in Germany during the 1990 to 2002 period. Given substantial changes in corporate governance during this period, our initial hypothesis is that executive pay in later periods shows a stronger relation with firm performance than it was the case in the early 1990s. However, empirical evidence based on ...