Lo and Chau [7] showed that ideal quantum coin flipping protocol is impossible. The proof was simply derived from the impossibility proof of quantum bit commitment [7, 8]. However, the proof still leaves the possibility of quantum coin flipping protocol with arbitrary small bias. In this paper, we show that quantum coin flipping protocol with arbitrary small bias is impossible and show the lowe...

We give optimal solutions to all versions of the popular counterfeit coin problem obtained by varying whether (i) we know if the counterfeit coin is heavier or lighter than the genuine ones, (ii) we know if the counterfeit coin exists, (iii) we have access to additional genuine coins, and (iv) we need to determine if the counterfeit coin is heavier or lighter than the genuine ones. Moreover, ou...

1.1 Identifying Whether a Coin is Biased Lemma 1 We need O( 1 2 ) coin tosses to discern a biased coin with the probability of 1 2 − for head (and obviously with the probability of 12 + for tail), from an unbiased coin. Proof Consider two hypothesises H1 and H2 where respectively denote biased and unbiased coins. In other words, we have the following hypothesises: { H1 : biased p(h) = 12 − H2 :...

Long-time limit distributions are key quantities for understanding the asymptotic dynamics of quantum walks, and they are known for most forms of one-dimensional quantum walks using two-state coin systems. For two-dimensional quantum walks using a four-state coin system, however, the only known limit distribution is for a walk using a parameterized Grover coin operation and analytical complexit...

The COIN (Enterprise COllaboration and INteroperability) platform allows exposure, integration and application of interoperability and collaborative services in various business domains. As part of the COIN FP7 project, the objective was to exploit the COIN platform and apply its services in the marine shipping sector. In this demo, we demonstrate how COIN services are used to expedite and simp...

A coin with three states is not necessarily an anomaly. A coin falls on either of its two sides head or tail. However, there is a remote possibility that it may not fall but roll on its edge and get stuck somewhere without falling on either of its sides. This possibility is remote for a classical coin so much so that it is never analyzed. For a three state quantum coin(qutrit), this is a fact. ...

This article is also accessible online at: http://BioMedNet.com/karger A 48-year-old man presented with a history of productive cough for some months. Clinically, pneumonia of the right lower lobe (RLL) was diagnosed. The PA chest roentgenogram (fig. 1) showed a ‘coin lesion’ of metal density at the right cardiac border, which presented as a disk on the lateral view (fig. 2). The RLL pneumonia ...

Coin flipping is a cryptographic primitive for which strictly better protocols exist if the players are not only allowed to exchange classical, but also quantum messages. During the past few years, several results have appeared which give a tight bound on the range of implementable unconditionally secure coin flips, both in the classical as well as in the quantum setting and for both weak as we...

BACKGROUND Foreign body ingestion continues to be a common problem that contributes significantly to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Coins are the most common foreign body lodged in the oesophagus. This study was conducted to describe our experience of removal of coins from oesophagus with Foley catheter under ketamine effect. METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted at Distri...