this article, after explaining the concept of peace building in the framework of united nations peace operations, considers the challenges facing it. peace operations are a complex and inter-related set of activities which lack clear legal status in the united nations charter, but are accessible instruments for the maintenance of international peace and security. despite the fact that peace bui...

recently, the finished cost reduction policy-as an efficient economic policy for competitiveness of domestic products beside foreign competitors-has been paying attention by ministry of commerce of iran. at the fist look, the protection of intellectual property such as inventions increases the finished cost of products; but intellectual property protection can be effective in finished cost redu...

T his is a troubling column to write. I hadn't planned to write on optimization , because what I have to say has already been said numerous times. Yet, when I give talks, I find there's still a surprising number of people who don't know, or at least don't follow, the advice I'm about to give. So, here goes. (Many of you have probably seen this advice before—my thought to you is to ponder why I ...

sections of history were unsaid because they happened beside facts. in these situations, minds were attracted by what is visible. as a result, few facts were ignored. in many of sources that considered fath ali shah`s iconography, his intense tendency toward using jewelries or attention to appearance defined as his diplomatic policies toward foreigners. this note has a considerable place in art...