In 2 experiments, the authors assessed different knowledge of results (KR) schedules for observational and physical practice. In Experiment 1, participants had to learn a sequence timing task under either a bandwidth (KR being delivered when participants’ performance was outside a predefined bandwidth or range) or yoked (same number of KRs provided as the bandwidth group) KR procedure. The resu...

We examined the impact of self-controlled knowledge of results on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of anticipation timing skill as a function of random and blocked practice schedules. Forty-eight undergraduate students were divided into experimental groups that practiced under varying combinations of random or blocked as well as self-controlled or yoked practice conditions. Anticipation...

this study aimed at comparing the effect of self-controlled feedback with 100% frequency on motor skill learning in children. 60 children (11.1±0.86 yr) were selected randomly and based on their pretest results divided into same three groups of 100% feedback, self-controlled and yoked. in the acquisition phase, subjects completed 120 trials. at the end of the second day, subjects performed a 10...

This study tested questions of ecological validity by comparing the eyewitness testimonies of children directly experiencing a painful inoculation experience those of children in a yoked-control group who vicariously experienced the inoculation onwith videotape. The study involved 86 5-year-olds, divided between 2 groups: the experiential and yoked control. The experiential group was followed t...

The effects of noncontingency between subjects' responses and outcomes were examined with respect to treatment-and-posttest similarity and skill in the task. The experimental design consisted of three groups. The first group had to solve chess problems with objective solutions and received veridical feedback; each member of the second group faced problems with no objective solutions, and receiv...

PURPOSE To investigate the influence of base down (BD) and base up (BU) yoked prism wear on gait. METHODS Gait was assessed in 31 young healthy adults (mean age, 24.0 ± 5.1 years) during and after wearing 5 prism diopter ((Δ)) BU yoked prisms, 5(Δ) BD yoked prisms, and plano (PL) (zero power; control condition) lenses, worn in a pseudorandom order. Velocity; cadence; step length; double suppo...

The present study examines wether self-controlled practice enhances motor learning and self-efficacy beliefs more when it refers to an aspect of the learning situation which is preferred by the learner than to an aspect which is not. Participants (N = 52) practiced the forhand top spin stroke in table tennis and were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Two groups of learners (self-control)...

Self-controlled KR practice has revealed that providing participants the opportunity to control their KR is superior for motor learning compared to participants replicating the KR schedule of a self-control participant, without the choice (e.g., yoked). The purpose of the present experiment was two-fold. First, to examine the utility of a self-controlled KR schedule for learning a spatial motor...