this study aimed at investigating the effect of blocked, incremental systematic and random contextual interferences on acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball skills based on changes in a generalized motor program. in fact, this study was conducted to answer this question that whether regular increment of contextual interference level is more effective on learning volleyball service s...

objective(s): crocin influences many biological functions including memory and learning. the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of crocin on learning and memory impairments in streptozotocine-induced diabetic rats. materials and methods: diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (stz, 45 mg/kg). transfer latency (tl) paradigm in elevated plus-maze ...

contextual interference is defined as interference in performance and learning that arise from practicing one task in the context of other tasks. transitional practice is a kind of practice sequence that starts out with trials of large blocks; then moves to smaller random blocks, and eventually finishes with complete randomization. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ‘transit...

In a three-group, gender-matched, preexisting knowledge-controlled, randomized experiment, we evaluated the effect of learner control over study pace on healthcare executives’ performance in an online statistics course. Overall, frequent deadlines enhanced distribution of practice and improved learning. Students with less control over pace (in groups with weekly deadlines) spaced their study ep...

cerebral palsy is a term commonly used for conditions characterized by motor dysfunction due to non-progressive brain damage in early life. the aim of this study was to compare the effects of self-control and experimental-control feedback frequencies on the acquisition, retention and transfer of a throwing task in children with spastic cerebral palsy. from 1750 students with cerebral palsy in t...

In the present study, the effects of two instructional strategies on the retention and transfer of procedures of different difficulty level were investigated. Difficulty level was manipulated by providing a different number of cues during training. The instructional strategies differed with respect to the amount of contextual interference. Sixty-four subjects were randomly assigned to either a ...

normative feedback is a kind of feedback which involves information about an individual's performance in comparison with other peers unrealistically (positive or negative). the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of normative feedback on throwing aiming task learning in children aged between 9 and 11 in ahvaz city. for this purpose, 90 right-handed children were selected w...

the aim of this study was to survey the effect of arousal by the presence of audience and music and their comparison on learning and performance of basketball dribbling. subjects were 36 healthy and non-athlete girls (mean and sd of age 21.8±2.23 years, height 163.4±6.19cm and weight 57.5±10.13kg) were divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n = 12) and control (n = 12) randomly. t...