Forests play a vital role in terrestrial carbon cycling; therefore, monitoring forest biomass at local to global scales has become a challenging issue in the context of climate change. In this study, we investigated the backscattering properties of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data in cashew and rubber plantation areas of Cambodi...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Globally, conifer dominance is restricted to nutient-poor habitats in colder, drier or waterlogged environments, probably due to competition with angiosperms. Analysis of canopy structure is important for understanding the mechanism of plant coexistence in relation to competition for light. Most conifers are shade intolerant, and often have narrow, deep, conical crowns. In t...

‎‎‎in this paper‎, ‎the‎ notion of injectivity with respect to order dense embeddings in ‎‎the category of $s$-posets‎, ‎posets with a monotone action of a‎ pomonoid $s$ on them‎, ‎is studied‎. ‎we give a criterion‎, ‎like the baer condition for injectivity of modules‎, ‎or skornjakov criterion for injectivity of $s$-sets‎, ‎for the order dense injectivity‎. ‎also‎, ‎we consider such injectivit...

Two conservation goals of the early 20th century, extensive reforestation and reduced wildfire through fire exclusion, may have contributed to declining pollinator abundance as forests became denser and shrub covered. To examine how forest structure affects bees we selected 5 stands in each of 7 forest types including: cleared forest; dense young pines; thinned young pines; mature open pine wit...

The synthesis of Fe, Fe-Pt and Fe-Co nanoparticles were carried out using the bottom-up polyol process using standard ari free techniques. Using these nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes were synthesized in an atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(APPECVD) process with a mixture of helium and acetylene gases. The APPECVD process produced dense carbon nanotube fo...

Two-dimensional avalanche simulation software operating in three-dimensional terrain is widely used for hazard zoning and engineering to predict runout distances and impact pressures of snow avalanche events. Mountain forests are an effective biological protection measure against avalanches; however, the protective capacity of forests to decelerate or even to stop avalanches that start within f...

Old-growth temperate rainforests are, per unit area, the largest and most long-lived stores of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, but their carbon dynamics have rarely been described. The endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern South America include stands that are probably the oldest dense forest stands in the world, with long-lived trees and high standing biomass. We assess and...