Ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide are physiological measures of breathing efficiency, and are known to be affected by the intensity and mode of exercise. We examined the effect of level running (gradient 0%) and muscle-damaging downhill running (−12%), matched for oxygen uptake, on the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen (V̇E/V̇Ο2) and carbon dioxide (V̇E/V̇CO2). Nine men (27 ± 9...

For the safety problem of heavy duty vehicles running on long downhill sections, a model was built for the application of engine brake and service brake combination based on test results. And a model of brake temperature rise for heavy duty vehicles running on long downhill sections was also established. For different braking modes, gear positions, speed and downhill slopes, brake temperature r...

A heuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm is presented in this work and the novel hybrid approach is applied to linear array synthesis considering complex weights and directive element patterns so as to analyze its usefulness and limitations. Basically, classical PSO schemes are modified by introducing a tournament selection strategy and the downhill simplex local search met...

Pose estimation using analysis-by-synthesis techniques has been a topic within computer vision for quite a time. These techniques often make use of numerical optimization algorithms required to work in high dimensional work spaces. In this article we apply two algorithms which to the best of our knowledge have never been used in this context. The first algorithm is based on a generalisation of ...

Let the least value of the function F (x), x∈Rn, be required, where n ≥ 2. If the gradient ∇F is available, then one can tell whether search directions are downhill, and first order conditions help to identify the solution. It seems in practice, however, that the vast majority of unconstrained calculations do not employ any derivatives. A view of this situation is given, attention being restric...

We deal with the optimization of process parameters in industrial continuous casting of steel. The process requires fine-tuning of numerous parameters with respect to the metallurgical cooling criteria to achieve the highest possible quality of the cast steel. We tackle the problem with various optimization methods: local optimization, conjugate gradient, downhill simplex and several types of e...