Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an infrequent calcitonin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that initiates from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are collaterally responsible for medullary thyroid carcinogenesis. In this review article, we shed light on all the genetic and epigenetic hallmarks of MTC. From the genetic perspective, RET, ...

Microglia is the effector cell of the innate immune system in central nervous system (CNS). These cells mediate inflammatory responses in injuries. Besides external factors, microglial function is also controlled by internal factors, including epigenetic regulations. Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation mainly consist of DNA methylation, histone modifications and use of non-coding RNAs. Recent s...

the radiation-induced bystander effect is the phenomenon which non-irradiated cells exhibit effects along with their different levels as a result of signals received from nearby irradiated cells. responses of non-irradiated cells may include changes in process of translation, gene expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cells death. these changes are confirmed by results of some in-vivo s...

today multinational studies using genome-wide association scan (gwas) for >1000,000 polymorphisms on >100,000 cases with major psychiatric diseases versus controls, combined with next-generation sequencing have found ~100 genetic polymorphisms associated with schizophrenia (scz), bipolar disorder (bd), autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (adhd), etc. however, the effect size of...

Epigenetic alterations have been related to many biological processes and disease; however, the global epigenetic status of most cell types has not been investigated yet in detail. The ability of environmental factors to promote a phenotype or disease state not only in the individual exposed but also in subsequent progeny for successive generations is termed transgenerational inheritance. The m...

Background: Decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, DAC) is a deoxycytidine analog currently used as an effective drug against myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Although various studies have pointed out the epigenetic effects of this drug, its epigenetic mechanisms in different leukemic cell lines are not specified. In this lab trial study, possible epigenetic effects of decitab...

Background: Embryo vitrification was effectively used for assisted reproductive techniques. Despite the undeniable benefits of vitrification, cooling and warming stress, and cytotoxicity of cryoprotectant may affect the DNA methylation that have an important role in gene activation and silencing. In the present study effects of 2-cell embryo vitrification on DNA methylation in hatched blastocys...

Background: Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells derived from germ cell tumors are valuable tools for investigating differentiation and developmental biology processes in vitro. The advantage of the reproducible and rapid expansion of these cell lines provides a useful alternative to embryos for the study of mammalian cell differentiation. During early stages of cell differentiation, the rate of tran...

abstract: colorectal cancer (crc) is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. both genetic and epigenetic alterations are common in crc and are the driving force of tumorigenesis. chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and cpg island methylator phenotype pathways are responsible for genetic instability in colorectal cancer. chromosom...