Tropospheric NO2 plays a variety of significant roles in atmospheric chemistry. In the troposphere it is one of the most significant precursors of photochemical ozone (O3) production and nitric acid (HNO3). In this study tropospheric NO2 columns were calculated by the fully coupled chemistry-climate model ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM. These have been compared with tropospheric NO2 columns, retrieved us...

There is an increasing need to forecast power generated by photovoltaic sources in day-ahead power system operation. The electrical energy generated by these renewable sources is an uncertain variable and depends on solar irradiance, which is out of control and depends on climate conditions. The stochastic programming based on various scenarios is an efficient way to deal with such uncertaintie...

Abstract If human population growth is not controlled, natural areas must be sacrificed. An alternative to create more habitat, terraforming Mars. However, this requires establishment of essential, ecosystem services on a planet currently unamenable Terran species. Shorter term, assembling Terran-type ecosystems within contained environments conceivable if mutually supportive species complement...

Introduction: The Extraterrestrial Spectrum (ETS) is the Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI) on a surface at Air Mass Zero (AM0). It is the incident solar spectrum prior to distortion by terrestrial or atmospheric conditions. Its precise determination is of primary importance for converting radiance data from space-borne remote sensing instruments to accurate reflectance values necessary for geolog...

Finding extraterrestrial intelligence would calibrate humanity’s place in the cosmos. It would also complete the so-called Copernican revolution. Beginning about 470 years ago, observation and scientific reasoning led to an accurate understanding of our place in the physical universe. The goal of SETI – the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence – is to learn our place in the intellectual uni...