The new training literature suggests that in a monopsonistic market employers will not only pay for fi rm-specifi c training but also for general training if the risk of poaching is limited. This implies that training participation should decrease when competition for employees is higher among fi rms. Using worker level data for Germany we fi nd that the hypothesis is supported empirically. Spe...

How can formal planning deal with uncertainty and rapid change while maintaining high standards of procedural certainty? This paper, using Germany as an example, examines how municipalities handle this dilemma within their existing systems. Municipalities use different approaches, ranging from regular redrafting to comprehensive changes or amendments. Amendments complementary informal plans are...

Supply chain planning in manufacturing companies is approached in this paper through empirical case-study research. The target was to chart how different types of manufacturing companies are specifying their future volumes and to identify the type of collaborative planning they are implementing with customers and suppliers. Based on interview study results, a framework is presented to explain h...

anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder, are the prevalent psychiatric disorders. given the high prevalence of this disorder (1.5 to 5 percent of the population), significant impact on quality of life and dysfunctional cognitions during panic attacks and cognitive functions, the present study examined the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy on improvement of cognitive functions patien...

This article extends the debate regarding the relationship between strategic planning and performance. It addresses criticism of previous empirical studies that have largely investigated direct and bi-variate relationships, producing equivocal results. The current study investigates the mediating effects of four types of flexibility on the strategic planning and performance relationship. Flexib...