bus systems are unstable without considering any control. thus, we are able to consider some control strategies to alleviate this problem. a holding control strategy is one commonly used real-time control strategy that can improve service quality. this paper develops a mathematical model for a holding control strategy. the objective of this model is to minimize the total cost related to passeng...

Excreted hydrogen analysis was used to measure stomach to caecum transit time of the head of a test meal in 120 rats fed by gavage. Results were compared with the distribution of a labelled test meal in the gastrointestinal tract of rats killed at different time intervals after gavage. Values for stomach to caecum transit were compatible with the distribution of labelled meals in 91% of animals...

The term “transit desert” is a new concept that looks at the gap between level of transit service (supply) and needs of a particular population (demand). These populations are often referred to as “transit dependent,” people that are too young, too old, or too poor or who are physically unable to drive. “Transit deserts” in this case are defined as areas that lack adequate public transit servic...

Local bus network is the most popular transit mode and the only available transit mode in the majority of cities of the world. Increasing the utility of this mode which increases its share from urban trips is an important goal for city planners. Timetable setting as the second component of bus network design problem (network route design timetable setting vehicle assignment crew assignment) hav...

INTRODUCTION Many factors alter gastrointestinal transit. Animal models are useful for preclinical studies of gastrointestinal transit, but terminal methods do not allow later study, and stressful assessment methods will likely alter the transit of the animal. To overcome these factors, we developed a new method to assay rat total gastrointestinal transit. METHODS Standard plastic cages with ...

Probiotics are ‘live microorganisms which, when administrated in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host’ (FAO/WHO, 2001). This requirement, i.e. that the probiotic bacteria must be in viable form at the time of consumption, poses a number of technical challenges from food processing perspectives. Environmental stresses encountered during food processing include acid exposure duri...

We previously reported that soymorphins, mu-opioid agonist peptides derived from soy beta-conglycinin beta-subunit, have anxiolytic-like activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soymorphins on food intake and gut motility, along with their mechanism. We found that soymorphins decreases food intake after oral administration in fasted mice. Orally administered soymorphins...