One-third of the people with an age over twenty have some signs of degenerated discs. However, in most of the patients the mere presence of degenerative discs is not a problem leading to pain, neurological compression, or other symptoms. This paper presents an interval type-2 fuzzy hybrid rule-based system to diagnose the abnormal degenerated discs where pain variables are represented by interv...

In this paper we analyse productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment using firm level panel data UK manufacturing industries from 1992 to 1999. We investigate spillovers through horizontal, backward and forward linkages, distinguish spillovers from export oriented vs domestic market oriented FDI, and allow for differing effects depending on domestic firms’ export activities. The resu...

Regional industrialisation and integration form part of the economic policy priorities a number countries in Southern Africa African Development Community (SADC). Manufacturing can be seen as key driver domestic regional growth, given its ability to exhibit high backward forward input-output linkages. While most research for explores linkages, this paper investigates inter-country intersectoral...

This study examines the overall effect of global value chains (GVCs) on wages and labour demand. It exploits World Input–Output Database to measure GVC involvement via recently developed participation indices (using both backward forward linkages) relative position using three-stage least squares regression. We find that is negatively correlated with employment depends whether or linkages are c...

We estimate FDI spillovers through the gender channel, as an additional measure to total labour channel. This enables us explicitly distinguish role of females in spillovers. In addition, we provide enhanced understanding distinction between manufacturing and services sectors. Using data from Namibia, our reported results show that female channel tend be stronger than The findings also evidence...

The paper has studied the structure and extent of value addition in different agro-processing units in Himachal Pradesh. It has also examined the financial viability of agro-processing industries in the state. The break-even analysis has shown enough leverage for processing units to stay in the business even at low capacity utilization. The extent of value addition has been about 53 per cent in...

In the context of the globalization of the Indian economy, it is necessary to examine the dependence of an individual micro-level company on the macro economy and its constituent sectors. We have taken up the study of a diversified private engineering and construction company to analyze the structure of its business, using input-output framework. The operational impact of the company and its de...