The present observation has demonstrated the developmental order of the rat retina as follows: the pigment epithelium differentiates earlier than the retina cells; Midler's cells and ganglion cells differentiate from the basal portion of the retina within a few days after the optic cup formation; the ganglion cells form a layer on the fourteenth to fifteenth day; the nerve fiber layer is formed...

Abstract Iron-gall inks are an essential element of our written cultural heritage that is at risk a total loss due to degradation. This degradation leads the support, particularly cellulose-based support. Intending stabilize it, we have come long way from nineteenth-century cellulose nitrate laminations relatively recent phytate treatments; nevertheless, less invasive treatments needed. To pave...

This paper examines price convergence and changes in the efficiency of wheat markets, covering period from mid-fourteenth to early twentieth century most Europe. The analysis is based on a new data set prices almost 600 markets. Unlike previous research, we find that was predominantly pre-modern phenomenon. It started late fifteenth century, advanced rapidly until beginning seventeenth when it ...

This article analyzes master Joan's Trotula, a late fourteenth-century Catalan text on women's health addressed to an infanta of Aragon which survives in one late fourteenth-century manuscript. It presents a hypothesis regarding its genre, its composition and use at the Catalan-Aragonese Court, and its later fortuna. It considers how Master Joan inscribed in the text a conception of women's med...

and lines of rhymed prose make it his longest work. *Ḥanukka-nāma (The Book of Hanukah), his other long narrative, is an account of the Maccabees’ successful military campaign against the Seleucid dynasty in the second century B.C.E. The extant manuscript copies are incomplete; in the introduction, however, Ben Samuel expresses his desire to continue in the tradition, begun by *Shāhīn in the fo...

This paper explores the liturgical use of the organ in the sixteenth century according to the judgments of Tommaso de Vio, Cajetan (1469–1534) and the Dominicans. In particular, it asks the question: In worship, is solo organ music capable of conveying a specific meaning or a particular text (as seemed to be expected in alternatim practice)? The Dominican sources show an increasingly skeptical ...

The fourteenth and fifteenth authors, Antonia Follenzi and Maria Prat, should be noted as contributing equally to this work. In the Author Contributions section, Antonia Follenzi (AF) should be listed as one of the persons who conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, and wrote the paper in addition to analyzed the data. Copyright: © 2015 Oltolina et...

This article examines the history of a small Greek church on island Corfu and attempts to explain how it grew into an important pilgrimage shrine for Latin pilgrims travelling Jerusalem. It also reviews legends, miracle stories devotional practices that developed around site discusses these within context pilgrims’ experience during their voyage Holy Land. The argues in fourteenth fifteenth cen...

The relationship between the Bohemian reform movements of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries events associated with traditionally-nominated Reformations sixteenth century has been a much understudied topic amongst historians theologians. There are number points entry for comparison analysis. One overlooked text is Pavel Bydžovský’s “Several Stories English Martyrs (with Whom God Deigned to Deco...