Masking schemes to secure AES implementations against side-channel attacks is a topic of ongoing research. The most sensitive part of the AES is the nonlinear SubBytes operation, in particular, the inversion in GF(2), the Galois field of 2 elements. In hardware implementations, it is well known that the use of the tower of extensions GF(2) ⇢ GF(2) ⇢ GF(2) ⇢ GF(2) leads to a more efficient inver...

It has been debated whether the Global Fund (GF), which is supporting the implementation of programs on the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria, should consider the value-for-money (VFM) for programs/interventions that they are supporting. In this paper, we critically analyze the uses of economic information for GF programs, not only to ensure accountability to the...

HEWLETT PACKARD finite fields; self-complementary basis; normal basis Explicit formulas are given for sets of relements forming a self-complementary norma basis of GF(q") over GF(q), where p is the characteristic of GF(q). Using these formulas, a straightforward construction of self-complementary bases for GF(qP"") over GF(q) is also presented.

Notwithstanding a growth in popularity and consumption of gluten-free (GF) food products, there is a lack of substantiated analysis of the nutritional quality compared with their gluten-containing counterparts. To put GF foods into proper perspective both for those who need it (patients with celiac disease) and for those who do not, we provide contemporary data about cost and nutritional qualit...

General flowering (GF) is a unique phenomenon wherein, at irregular intervals, taxonomically diverse trees in Southeast Asian dipterocarp forests synchronize their reproduction at the community level. Triggers of GF, including drought and low minimum temperatures a few months previously has been limitedly observed across large regional scales due to lack of meteorological stations. Here, we aim...

To understand the perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is important to clarify whether the colitogenic CD4(+) T cells are self-limited effector or long-lived memory T cells. We here investigate the latency of colitogenic CD4(+) T cells in the remission stage of colitis under germfree (GF) conditions. We isolated splenic (SP) CD4(+) T cells from colitic CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cell-...

Griseofulvin(GF) has become the drug of choice as an antifungal agent for patients who suffer from many kinds of fungal infection. In order to clarify hepatic injury by griseofulvin(GF) overload and the effect of UDCA on GF-induced hepatic injury, the authors carried out biochemical, histologic, and ultrastructural studies of liver following treatment with griseofulvin and ursodeoxycholic acid(...

Treatment of coeliac disease requires a strict gluten-free (GF) diet, however, a high proportion of patients do not adhere to a GF diet. The study explores the practical challenges of a GF diet and dietary adherence in Caucasian and South Asian adults with coeliac disease. Patients with biopsy- and serology-proven coeliac disease were recruited from a hospital database. Participants completed a...

BACKGROUND Mesenteric phlebosclerosis (MP) is a disease characterized by fibrotic change or calcification of the mesenteric vein. Recently, there has been an increase in case reports of MP related to herbal medicine usage. Long-term intake of gardenia fruit (GF) is suspected as a possible cause. However, many GF users do not develop this disease and the association between GF and MP remains unc...